I’m fine with reserving ‘colonized’ for particular sorts of oppression, but the economic relationship between England and Wales is highly exploitative. To give one example, they electrified the rail network everywhere other than Wales lol. Wrt to ‘racialized’ again I’m fine with reserving that term, but 1) the Welsh accent is very distinctive and does lead to people being ‘read’ a certain way, and 2) as an English person in Wales (unpopular truth alert) you absolutely will face discrimination, though this is arguably justified