I would add that the definition of hate crime is relatively fluid depending on cultural bias. For example, there are many Jewish communities that invest heavily into tracking the nature and number of hate crimes suspected to be related to antisemitism. As a result the threshold is often lower to define such crimes as hate crimes

This isn’t to say that those hate crimes are overcounted, rather it’s that other groups are more likely to have crimes be dismissed / written off as for a reason other than ‘hate’.

People within a group can almost always tell you when a crime is due to hatred but unfortunately we often don’t take it seriously unless they have a foundation with millions of dollars and a team of lawyers behind them.